2024 Inside of rubik

An explanation to the workings and layout of a 3x3x3 Rubik's cube. Jedrzejczyk

Douglas Hofstadter wrote an excellent introduction to the Rubik’s cube in the March 1981 issue of Scienti c American. There are several books about the Rubik’s cube; my favorite is Inside Rubik’s Cube and Beyond by Christoph Bandelow. David Singmaster, who developed much of the usual notation for the Rubik’s cube,What's inside of a Rubik's Cube # 2023-09-03Jul 13, 2020 · The Mathematical Mystery Behind Rubik’s Cube. Forty-three quintillion. Or more precisely, 43,252,003,274,489,856,000. This impressive figure is the number of tile combinations possible in the Rubik’s Cube (also known as the Magic Cube), the most famous puzzle of all times. Bearing this data point in mind, it is not surprising that the goal ... Aug 15, 2023 · A Rubik's cube is a mechanical puzzle in the shape of a cube which is comprised of 26 smaller cubes, with a rotating mechanism in the middle. To solve the puzzle, the user must rotate the smaller cubes so that each face of the larger cube is a uniform color. Cubing, as working on the Rubik's cube is known, is an international pastime, and it is ... Sep 3, 2023 · What's inside of a Rubik's Cube # 2023-09-03 The Rubik’s Crystal is a new twist on the classic color-matching puzzle that can be enjoyed at home or on the move. It allows you to see inside of our classic best-selling Rubik’s Cube. With a fun color palette that offers a unique transparent take, this puzzle toy makes a perfect gift for any new solver or seasoned cuber.The 1x1x1 cube is a cube that is always in the solved state. It cannot be turned in any way because it is only one little cubie. The cube's only purposes are for fun and collecting, although some people will correctly say that it is the hardest cube to solve. The current unofficial World Record for the 1x1x1 Rubik's Cube is 0.001 seconds by both Kewbix and Mr Cube. The cube is made from a ... A very original Online Simon game with the faces of a Rubik's Cube, also called Magic Cube. The small squares on each face, are randomly illuminating one after the other. An unique and free game, come and play this Simon! You will play with 3 of the 6 sides of a mixed Rubik's Cube. So there are 27 little squares coloured in red, yellow, orange ...imagine being on a platform on the inside of an object which is like a 4X4 or 5X5 rubik's cube, we need to be able to look around and move whatever slices of the cube that have to be moved by pointing at them and choosing to move a 'vertical' or 'horizontal' slice. the basic idea i had while tinkering around int eh gui was setting a slice as the child of the 'horizontal' or 'vertical'. can ...Sitting on the patio of his home in the hills of Budapest, Rubik, now 76, fiddled with a cube as he recalled its "discovery" and accidental success. (He prefers to use “discovered,” rather than...Apr 9, 2015 · What's inside of a Rubik's Cube? Jared Owen 2.85M subscribers Subscribe 16K 1.1M views 8 years ago #b3d #rubikscube #rubiks Ever wonder what a Rubik's Cube looks like on the inside? In this... Sep 3, 2019 · Cube in this video: https://amzn.to/348F9U7This video tutorial shows how to make a Cube in a Cube in a Cube patternCheck out more at https://www.youtube.com/... The Red Bull Rubik’s Cube World Cup is a global competition designed to challenge the most accomplished Cube solvers in one of the most exhilarating emerging sports. In this year's World Cup the ...Each of the individual cube faces seems to have a letter transcribed onto it from outside, although it is difficult to read from inside. Glancing down, you find a tablet and a diagram by your feet: It would seem you need to enter a single 9 letter word into the tablet to escape. Who knows what will happen if you get it wrong...Instantly access What's Inside of a Rubik's Cube? plus over 40,000 of the best books & videos for kids. What's Inside of a Rubik's Cube? Video | Discover Fun and Educational Videos That Kids Love | Epic Children's Books, Audiobooks, Videos & More5. Yellow edges. After making the yellow cross on the top of the cube you have to put the yellow edge pieces on their final places to match the colors of the side center pieces. Switch the front and left yellow edges with the following algorithm: R U R' U R U2 R' U. Switch the edges. Yellow edges done.1. Familiarize yourself with the Rubik's Cube. Recognize where each of the colors lie on the completed cube. [1] Notice (going clockwise) the Red, White, and Blue faces of the cube are on one side and the Green, Orange, and Yellow faces are on another. This is the standard setup for newer, standard cubes.This video shows the inside parts of a Rubik's cube. I opened it carefully and separated each of the small cubes in the big cube. I also opened one of the small cubes. It is an interesting ...Failure Analysis Society. ASM World Headquarters, 9639 Kinsman Road Materials Park, OH 44073-0002. 440.338.5151. [email protected] Step 1: Basics. before trying tricks I would recommend learning to solve a Rubik's Cube first . that way you know the vocabulary , tips comma and tricks . For the basic you can check out my Rubik's Cube basics instructable. Yes, dynamic re-parenting can be done, but it's up to you if that's the best way to go in this case as there's going to be 3n - 2 (for an odd n) or 3n pivots (for an even n) to keep track of for an n x n x n cube. Since you're doing all the work of changing and re-calculating your slices anyways, it's less work to actually forget about the re-parenting in some cases. Also, depending on your ...Permutations. The current colour scheme of a Rubik's Cube — yellow opposes white, blue opposes green, orange opposes red, and white, green, and red are positioned in anti-clockwise order around a corner. The original (3×3×3) Rubik's Cube has eight corners and twelve edges.5x5 Cube Patterns. Start with a fully solved cube in any orientation. Each orientation will give you a different coloured pattern. If you are new to algorithm notation click here to learn how to read it.View your 2x2 Rubik’s Cube from the top. Orient your cube so the white face you solved is at the bottom. Check for all the yellow corner pieces remaining. [4] 2. If you only see 1 yellow corner on the top face, use 1 algorithm. Use (R U2) (R’ U’R’ U’R’) if you see 1 yellow piece in the right hand corner.9. Square - 1. Buy Now. Square-1 was previously called Cube 21 and Back to Square One. It is a shape-shifting puzzle and the solution to solve this puzzle is also quite unique. This is because it has kite-shaped corners and triangular edges which are indistinguishable to the puzzle's inner mechanism.1. Familiarize yourself with the Rubik's Cube. Recognize where each of the colors lie on the completed cube. [1] Notice (going clockwise) the Red, White, and Blue faces of the cube are on one side and the Green, Orange, and Yellow faces are on another. This is the standard setup for newer, standard cubes.We just received our first order from Inside Weather yesterday, and we hate it. We ordered a dining table, coffee table, and a side board, and got the dining and coffee tables last night. The packaging on both was all torn up. I opened the dining room table, and one of the leaves was damaged.To take it apart rotate the top face 45 degrees and try to pop out an upper edge piece as seen on the picture. Use a screwdriver if your finger is not strong enough or the cube is too stiff. If your Rubik's Cube is too tough try to twist a side layer to set free the inner anchor of the upper edge. When the first piece came out the two corners ...Rubik Online The Official Rubik Page created by Erno Rubik. Lots of online Java puzzles and an online cube. Go back to the Solutions to the Rubik's Cube 3x3x3 Here are some various methods for solving the Rubik's Cube. Joël van Noort's solution This method is what we math people like to call a commutater based method.Rubik's Lube. This is the lube that comes in a syringe-like container when you order from Rubiks.com. The consistency is very similar to Weight 5 lubricant. Link. Cubesmith Lube. Before going out of business again, Cubesmith sold low and high viscosity lube here. Each syringe contained 5 cc of lube.[17] Rubik's invention Packaging of Rubik's Cube, Toy of the year 1980 – Ideal Toy Corp., made in Hungary In the mid-1970s, Ernő Rubik worked at the Department of Interior Design at the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest. [18] Tags Free Rubiks Cube Storage Box・3D printable model ... add to list. Tags Rounded Rubiks Cube WIP. add to list. Tags Crazy 3x3x3 Plus cube (whole original series + 2f... add to list. Tags Rubiks cube for the blind (using original Rubiks ... add to list. Tags Fisher 2x3x3.Divers closed them inside by tightening a ring of bolts as the craft rolled on the waves about 13,000 feet above the 111-year-old wreckage of the Titanic. Suleman, 19, carried a Rubik’s Cube.With its compact size, this mini Rubik’s cube is perfect as a stocking stuffer, hiding easily in the bottom for a stellar surprise. The world’s smallest Rubik’s cube works just like any regular-sized Rubik’s cube, only ours is way cuter is much more convenient for those of you on the go! A mini Rubik’s cube gets the job done for adult ... Abstract. Rubik’s Cube is a widely popular mechanical puzzle that has attracted attention around the world because of its unique characteristics. As a classic brain-training toy well known to ...Sep 1, 2020 · A very original Online Simon game with the faces of a Rubik's Cube, also called Magic Cube. The small squares on each face, are randomly illuminating one after the other. An unique and free game, come and play this Simon! You will play with 3 of the 6 sides of a mixed Rubik's Cube. So there are 27 little squares coloured in red, yellow, orange ... Ever wonder what a Rubik's Cube looks like on the inside? In this video we'll take an in-depth look to see how the pieces fit together. Get your Rubik's cube here: https://goo.gl/BEo1W5 Made with Blender 2.73 Music: "Plain Truth" by Gunar Olsen (youtube audio library) #rubiks #rubikscube #b3d5x5 Cube Patterns. Start with a fully solved cube in any orientation. Each orientation will give you a different coloured pattern. If you are new to algorithm notation click here to learn how to read it.Ever wonder what a Rubik's Cube looks like on the inside? In this video we'll take an in-depth look to see how the pieces fit together. Get your Rubik's cube here: https://goo.gl/BEo1W5. Made with Blender 2.73. Music: "Plain Truth" by Gunar Olsen (youtube audio library) #rubiks #rubikscube #b3d. Mar 2, 2021 · Step 2: Determine The Placement Of The Neodymium Magnets. Generally, you are required to place three magnets on the corner pieces and two on the edges. The magnet placement is quite an easy task. For the edge piece, you need to place the magnet relative to the corner. You should put one magnet on the bottom of the edge piece and one on the top. A very original Online Simon game with the faces of a Rubik's Cube, also called Magic Cube. The small squares on each face, are randomly illuminating one after the other. An unique and free game, come and play this Simon! You will play with 3 of the 6 sides of a mixed Rubik's Cube. So there are 27 little squares coloured in red, yellow, orange ...Rubik's Cube Algorithms. A Rubik's Cube algorithm is an operation on the puzzle which reorients its pieces in a certain way. Mathematically the Rubik's Cube is a permutation group: an ordered list, with 54 fields with 6*9 values (colours) on which we can apply operations (basic face rotations, cube turns and the combinations of these) which reorient the permutation group according to a pattern.Instantly access What's Inside of a Rubik's Cube? plus over 40,000 of the best books & videos for kids. What's Inside of a Rubik's Cube? Video | Discover Fun and Educational Videos That Kids Love | Epic Children's Books, Audiobooks, Videos & MoreThe first prototype of a working 3x3 puzzle is shown in the image. Although his core design was fairly simple, it isn’t that much different from what is used today; screws attaching the centre pieces to the core (with added washers for easier turning). The final Rubik’s Cube prototype was created in 1974. This then led to patents and, after ... Abstract. Rubik’s Cube is a widely popular mechanical puzzle that has attracted attention around the world because of its unique characteristics. As a classic brain-training toy well known to ...Apply the inverse rotations of the backward algorithm to revert the cube to the solved cube (or the initial position). Let's take a short algorithm for the demonstration, the Cross: U F B’ L2 U2 L2 F’ B U2 L2 U. Written backwards: U L2 U2 B F’ L2 U2 L2 B’ F U. Replace the moves with the inverse rotations: U’ L2 U2 B’ F L2 U2 L2 B F ...With its compact size, this mini Rubik’s cube is perfect as a stocking stuffer, hiding easily in the bottom for a stellar surprise. The world’s smallest Rubik’s cube works just like any regular-sized Rubik’s cube, only ours is way cuter is much more convenient for those of you on the go! A mini Rubik’s cube gets the job done for adult ... Dec 1, 2020 · Shawn Farquhar, two-time world champion of magic and two-time Penn & Teller Fool us winner, teaches you how to make your own impossible bottle with a Rubik's... 5x5 Cube Patterns. Start with a fully solved cube in any orientation. Each orientation will give you a different coloured pattern. If you are new to algorithm notation click here to learn how to read it.Douglas Hofstadter wrote an excellent introduction to the Rubik’s cube in the March 1981 issue of Scienti c American. There are several books about the Rubik’s cube; my favorite is Inside Rubik’s Cube and Beyond by Christoph Bandelow. David Singmaster, who developed much of the usual notation for the Rubik’s cube,View your 2x2 Rubik’s Cube from the top. Orient your cube so the white face you solved is at the bottom. Check for all the yellow corner pieces remaining. [4] 2. If you only see 1 yellow corner on the top face, use 1 algorithm. Use (R U2) (R’ U’R’ U’R’) if you see 1 yellow piece in the right hand corner.Updated on September 11, 2019. The Rubik's Cube is a cube-shaped puzzle that has nine, smaller squares on each side. When taken out of the box, each side of the cube has all the squares the same color. The goal of the puzzle is to return each side to a solid color after you have turned it a few times. Which seems simple enough—at first.Mar 29, 2022 · The Rubik’s Crystal is a new twist on the classic color-matching puzzle that can be enjoyed at home or on the move. It allows you to see inside of our classic best-selling Rubik’s Cube. With a fun color palette that offers a unique transparent take, this puzzle toy makes a perfect gift for any new solver or seasoned cuber. Ever wonder what a Rubik's Cube looks like on the inside? In this video we'll take an in-depth look to see how the pieces fit together. Book Info. Ages: 8-10. Rubik's Cube. Two Little Girls Deliver Stunning Cover Of "The Sound Of Silence" By Disturbed Allie Sherlock And Zoe Clarke Perform A Cover Of "Umbrella" By Rihanna Chibi Unity Dance Group Gets A Golden Buzzer On America's Got Talent 2023 Son Of Fallen Deputy Fails To Buy His Dad's Squad Car At Auction 15-Year-Old Emma Sings "Voilà" With André Rieu And Johann Strauss Orchestra 14-Year-Old ...May 2, 2014 · Ian Scheffler in Los Angeles. Fri 2 May 2014 11.00 EDT. Last modified on Fri 4 Sep 2020 12.56 EDT. O n a low stage, a young man examined a Rubik’s Cube. Around him, an audience stood ... The 1x1x1 has a fairly complex notation due to its reliance on rotations to solve, so make sure you read each a few times through to ensure understanding: x – Rotates the entire puzzle by bringing the top face to the front. x’ – Rotates the entire puzzle by bringing the top face to the back. y – Brings the face on the right to the front.A Rubik’s Cube has one core, eight corner cubies, and 12 edge cubies. Creative Commons/Wikivisual The immediate math to be done with those numbers is the total number of ways you can scramble a... 5x5 Cube Patterns. Start with a fully solved cube in any orientation. Each orientation will give you a different coloured pattern. If you are new to algorithm notation click here to learn how to read it.A Rubik's cube is a mechanical puzzle in the shape of a cube which is comprised of 26 smaller cubes, with a rotating mechanism in the middle. To solve the puzzle, the user must rotate the smaller cubes so that each face of the larger cube is a uniform color. Cubing, as working on the Rubik's cube is known, is an international pastime, and it is ...[17] Rubik's invention Packaging of Rubik's Cube, Toy of the year 1980 – Ideal Toy Corp., made in Hungary In the mid-1970s, Ernő Rubik worked at the Department of Interior Design at the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest. [18] Rubik’s Phantom, 3x3 Cube Advanced Technology Difficult 3D Puzzle Travel Game Stress Relief Fidget Toy Activity Cube, for Adults & Kids Ages 8 and up. 1,643. 1K+ bought in past month. $1399. Typical: $14.88. FREE delivery Wed, Aug 23 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon. More Buying Choices.Dec 29, 2020 · 4. 13x13 Power Speed Cube Puzzle. Creators have strived to develop new and harder twisty puzzles as a version of the original Rubik’s Cube. The most common type of the Rubik’s Cube is like the 3x3 but bigger. They can be 13x13 or N x N, also known as ‘Reduction’ or ‘Redux’. by Ian Scheffler. Touchstone, 2016 ($26) To those who know how, the Rubik's cube can be solved easily in less than 20 seconds. For the rest of us, unscrambling the puzzle at all is next to ...Rubik Online The Official Rubik Page created by Erno Rubik. Lots of online Java puzzles and an online cube. Go back to the Solutions to the Rubik's Cube 3x3x3 Here are some various methods for solving the Rubik's Cube. Joël van Noort's solution This method is what we math people like to call a commutater based method.The 2x2 Rubik's Cube has an interesting mechanism on the inside. Let's see how it works!Get your 2x2 Rubik's Cube here: https://amzn.to/2ULwsqXOther puzzles...Dec 6, 2021 · The Rubik’s cube is manufactured by melting and molding together plastic pellets to form the components and the structure of the cube. The parts are then inspected by hand to ensure they were formed properly. From there the Rubik’s cube components enter into an assembly line where the construction process is completed, the cubelet stickers ... GAN 11 M PRO 3X3 👉 https://bit.ly/2SzkcOrUsing the promo code "CUBASTIC" and get your discount 🔥 The easiest way to solve a 3x3 rubik's cube 👉 https://yo...Apply the inverse rotations of the backward algorithm to revert the cube to the solved cube (or the initial position). Let's take a short algorithm for the demonstration, the Cross: U F B’ L2 U2 L2 F’ B U2 L2 U. Written backwards: U L2 U2 B F’ L2 U2 L2 B’ F U. Replace the moves with the inverse rotations: U’ L2 U2 B’ F L2 U2 L2 B F ... 1 / 7. Black Rhinoceros (1100kg) - Southern White Rhinoceros (2300kg) 207. 25. r/PlanetZoo. Join. • 7 days ago. Build a little oasis picknick area some weeks ago. If you like it, the workshop-link is under the images :) Tags Free Rubiks Cube Storage Box・3D printable model ... add to list. Tags Rounded Rubiks Cube WIP. add to list. Tags Crazy 3x3x3 Plus cube (whole original series + 2f... add to list. Tags Rubiks cube for the blind (using original Rubiks ... add to list. Tags Fisher 2x3x3.Updated on September 11, 2019. The Rubik's Cube is a cube-shaped puzzle that has nine, smaller squares on each side. When taken out of the box, each side of the cube has all the squares the same color. The goal of the puzzle is to return each side to a solid color after you have turned it a few times. Which seems simple enough—at first.Rubik Online The Official Rubik Page created by Erno Rubik. Lots of online Java puzzles and an online cube. Go back to the Solutions to the Rubik's Cube 3x3x3 Here are some various methods for solving the Rubik's Cube. Joël van Noort's solution This method is what we math people like to call a commutater based method.Cool 3x3 Speed Cube Patterns With Notations. 1. Checkerboard -. This is the most common pattern and this makes every side of cube looks like X. U2 D2 F2 B2 L2 R2. 2. Cube in a cube pattern -. Looks like a cube is in a cube! F L F U’ R U F2 L2 U’ L’ B D’ B’ L2 U.Online Rubik's Cube, 4x4x4 and other NxNxN cube solver and simulator. Set up a scramble to find the rotations leading to the solution The 1x1x1 has a fairly complex notation due to its reliance on rotations to solve, so make sure you read each a few times through to ensure understanding: x – Rotates the entire puzzle by bringing the top face to the front. x’ – Rotates the entire puzzle by bringing the top face to the back. y – Brings the face on the right to the front.Rubik's cube is a toy puzzle designed by Erno Rubik during the mid-1970s. It is a cube-shaped device made up of smaller cube pieces with six faces having differing colors. The primary method of manufacture involves injection molding of the various component pieces, then subsequent assembly, labeling, and packaging. Sep 2, 2020 · Shop our Rubik's MINI 2x2 range here:UK: https://bit.ly/2F62mLQEU: https://bit.ly/3lP8zgiUSA: https://bit.ly/2F0UcVrBe a solver of tomorrow and check out our... The Red Bull Rubik’s Cube World Cup is a global competition designed to challenge the most accomplished Cube solvers in one of the most exhilarating emerging sports. In this year's World Cup the ...

Rubik's Cube. Two Little Girls Deliver Stunning Cover Of "The Sound Of Silence" By Disturbed Allie Sherlock And Zoe Clarke Perform A Cover Of "Umbrella" By Rihanna Chibi Unity Dance Group Gets A Golden Buzzer On America's Got Talent 2023 Son Of Fallen Deputy Fails To Buy His Dad's Squad Car At Auction 15-Year-Old Emma Sings "Voilà" With André Rieu And Johann Strauss Orchestra 14-Year-Old .... Pavillions near mepercent22percent20jscontrollerpercent22m9mgycpercent22percent20jsnamepercent22qoik6epercent22percent20jsactionpercent22rcuq6b npt2md

[17] Rubik's invention Packaging of Rubik's Cube, Toy of the year 1980 – Ideal Toy Corp., made in Hungary In the mid-1970s, Ernő Rubik worked at the Department of Interior Design at the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest. [18] Failure Analysis Society. ASM World Headquarters, 9639 Kinsman Road Materials Park, OH 44073-0002. 440.338.5151. [email protected] The Red Bull Rubik’s Cube World Cup is a global competition designed to challenge the most accomplished Cube solvers in one of the most exhilarating emerging sports. In this year's World Cup the ... The first prototype of a working 3x3 puzzle is shown in the image. Although his core design was fairly simple, it isn’t that much different from what is used today; screws attaching the centre pieces to the core (with added washers for easier turning). The final Rubik’s Cube prototype was created in 1974. This then led to patents and, after ...Sep 16, 2016 · The movie shows him downloading files onto an SD card and then hiding it inside a Rubik’s cube. He then avoids running the Rubik’s cube through security by tossing it to a security guard, who ... Sep 1, 2020 · A very original Online Simon game with the faces of a Rubik's Cube, also called Magic Cube. The small squares on each face, are randomly illuminating one after the other. An unique and free game, come and play this Simon! You will play with 3 of the 6 sides of a mixed Rubik's Cube. So there are 27 little squares coloured in red, yellow, orange ... The first prototype of a working 3x3 puzzle is shown in the image. Although his core design was fairly simple, it isn’t that much different from what is used today; screws attaching the centre pieces to the core (with added washers for easier turning). The final Rubik’s Cube prototype was created in 1974. This then led to patents and, after ...Sep 1, 2023 · View your 2x2 Rubik’s Cube from the top. Orient your cube so the white face you solved is at the bottom. Check for all the yellow corner pieces remaining. [4] 2. If you only see 1 yellow corner on the top face, use 1 algorithm. Use (R U2) (R’ U’R’ U’R’) if you see 1 yellow piece in the right hand corner. Download files and build them with your 3D printer, laser cutter, or CNC. Thingiverse is a universe of things.With its compact size, this mini Rubik’s cube is perfect as a stocking stuffer, hiding easily in the bottom for a stellar surprise. The world’s smallest Rubik’s cube works just like any regular-sized Rubik’s cube, only ours is way cuter is much more convenient for those of you on the go! A mini Rubik’s cube gets the job done for adult ... We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The 1x1x1 has a fairly complex notation due to its reliance on rotations to solve, so make sure you read each a few times through to ensure understanding: x – Rotates the entire puzzle by bringing the top face to the front. x’ – Rotates the entire puzzle by bringing the top face to the back. y – Brings the face on the right to the front.Ever wonder what a Rubik's Cube looks like on the inside? In this video we'll take an in-depth look to see how the pieces fit together. Book Info. Ages: 8-10. View your 2x2 Rubik’s Cube from the top. Orient your cube so the white face you solved is at the bottom. Check for all the yellow corner pieces remaining. [4] 2. If you only see 1 yellow corner on the top face, use 1 algorithm. Use (R U2) (R’ U’R’ U’R’) if you see 1 yellow piece in the right hand corner.Mar 2, 2021 · Step 2: Determine The Placement Of The Neodymium Magnets. Generally, you are required to place three magnets on the corner pieces and two on the edges. The magnet placement is quite an easy task. For the edge piece, you need to place the magnet relative to the corner. You should put one magnet on the bottom of the edge piece and one on the top. Feb 12, 2022 · This Rubik's cube is the easiest and the hardest at the same time. It's 1x1 and the fun part about it is that it's always in the solved state. It seems prett... Bounds on Solving a Rubik’s Cube The number of possible permutations of the squares on a Rubik’s cube seems daunting. There are 8 corner pieces that can be arranged in 8! ways, each of which can be arranged in 3 orientations, giving 38 possibilities for each permutation of the corner pieces. There are 12 edge pieces which can be arranged in ....

Popular Topics